THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS


THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS

ABSTRACT:   

This work is aimed at determining the incidence of bacterial injections such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli which cause health hazards to the  poultry in their feeds.  Sample feed were obtained from commercial mash operation/ pellet mill operation at New heaven and top feed at Ogbete main market Enugu.  The samples were screened for total aerobic bacteria count, total coliform count and the characterization of the bacteria isolates carried out while indole test and citrate test were used to confirm the presence of Escherichia coli. The confirmation of salmonella isolates on Mac conkey agar was also done.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Tables of contents

List of tables

List of tables

CHAPATER ONE

1.0Introduction

1.1Statement of problem

1.2Aims and objectives of the study

1.3Limitation of study

1.4Hypotheses

CHAPTER TWO

2.0Literature review

2.1Nutritional value

2.2Economic importance

2.3Disease cause by microorganisms

2.4Livestock (poultry) feeds manufacturer

2.5Nutrient /feed requirements

2.6Nutritive values of eggs

2.7Standard of feed quality

1. Types of poultry feeds & march ingredients  

2.Quality control of feeds

CHAPTER THREE

3.0Materials and method

3.1Sample collection

3.1.1Microbiological analysis

3.2Characterization of bacateria

3.2.1Gram’s staining reaction

3.2.2Indole test

1. Methyl red (Mr.) voges proskaver (vp) test  

2.Citrate test

3.Carbohydrate fermentation

4.Motility test

5.Oxidase test

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0Result

4.1Total aerobic bacterial count

4.2Coliform bacterial count

4.3Characterization of coliform isolates

1. Characterization of salmonella isolates 

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

Conclusion

Recommendation

References

CHAPTER SIX

6.0Appendixes

1. Hard wares

2. Glass wares

3. Reagent

4. Composition for bacteriological culture

LIST OF TABLES

Table I: Total aerobic bacterial counts 55

Table ii: Coliform bacterial counts 56

Table iii Biochemical characteristics of 

Isolates (Escherichia coli) 57

Table iv: Biochemical characteristics of 

isolates (Salmonella) 58

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure I: chemical composition of the various

 constituents of the raw materials used 23

Figure II: Flow chart of poultry feed 24

Figure III: Energy, protein and Amino acid 

requirement of chicken 27

Figure iv: March Ingredient 36

CHAPTER ONE

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The term poultry used in agriculture generally refers to all domesticated birds kepts for egg or meat production.  These includes chickens (domestic fowls),  Grallus domestics, turkeys, ducks and geese.  This project will deal largely with the chicken which are the most common domestic fowl.  The species of poultry are aptable or can survive in different environments therefore, they are widely distributed in the world, with great increase in population, the demand for goods especially protein food become acute.  To meet the demand for animal protein and its development, rapid multiplying ones becomes very necessary. Poultry has so  many advantages over other domesticated animal whose production is very much hindered by lack of money, high temperature, disease and lack of good at certain periods of the year.

The diseases of poultry is like the disease of other animals may be caused by: a. pathogenic organisms like bacteria and viruses, protozoa, worms and some members of arthropods

2. Nutritional deficiency, (c) From wound or cannibalism

The following diseases are usually associated with the fowls locally

1. New castle disease

2. Chronic respiratory diseases

3. Fowl typhoid

4. Coccidiosis

5. Fowl pox

The incidence of salmonella and Escherida coli simply means the extent to which the enteric organisms (Escherichia coli) that are part of the normal flora and incidentally causes disease and pathogenic organism (salmonella) affect the poultry feeds.  Hill, D.H; and Davis, O.s; (1962).  Shoening et al 1942). Defined diseases as any abnormal condition of the tissue of the body, the cells that make up the various tissue have specific functions to perform. Pekzar et al (1977) defined Salmonell is as a disease of the chick fowl and swim bird cause by some species or Salnaonells. 

Anon (1963) described pullorum disease as an  actute infection disease of body chicks caused by salnonella pullorum. Infection is the entering of the  disease produces organisms into the animal. 

Livestock (Poultry )gets infected when pathogenic  organisms passes to the susceptible animal through the  through the   following  avenues. Esmat.omar 1977.

1. Feeds and contaminated water feed or water containing droppings or waste products of diseased animal will help spread the organisms to fresh hosts.  The feeding troughs and watering vessels aso spread the diseases if not seperated.

2. Dropping  or excretes: These material are the gateway out for some stages of oarganisms to go out of the host and get to fresh animal hosts.

3. Close contact – some disease spread by contact.  Their agents may be external parasites or air borne in which case nearness to the superior’s birds increase the changes of getting the organisms

4. To or event the disease pathogenic organism from getting into the body of poultry, attention should be payed to those factors that influence their infections and spread.  First and foremost, they should have disease resisting stock, provide good shelter, clean range, proper  feeding and practise separating the unhealthy ones from the healthy poultry, quarantining new stock.  In case of poultry, the brooder house should be 30m to 48m from old birds. Such that they gets good feed and sunlight.  They should act be allowed to get in contact with their droppings or excretes since their dropping carry the pathogenic organisms.  Sanitation is very important in poultry management by cleaning of water cans and feed troughs and finally disinfecting the stock to help reduce organic matter.

1.1 JUSTIFICATION

This study has been justified by the need and safety of consuming children (white meat) which has low cholesterol but rich in protein than beef which has high cholesterol.  Also human beings and the world at large, benefit from our poultry farms where we have the layers (Egg producing Chiks) and the broilers (Heavy chicks) for consumption.

The poultry (chicken) are rich in protein and amino acid needed for growth.  Livestock feeds are formulated to a ratio for different species and classes of poultry.  These are also feed additive, which may be added to the feed to prevent disease or make animals utilize feed better.  Some ingredient concentrate is added to nourish the feed.

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. To highlight the varius importance of the livestock (poultry) t human and our industries.

2.      To determine the incidence of bacteria infection such as balmonella        

and Escherichia coli which cause health hazard to the poultry    (Chiken).

3.     To isolate and deduce effect of salmonella specie and Escherichia coli 

           in livestock (poultry) and their feeds.

4.      To advice poultry farmers on how to preserve and handle their farms  

           feeds from infections diseases to the birds.

LIMITATION OF STUDY

This research work will be limited to the available materials for carrying out experimental work and also due to cost of transportation. This work will be limited to Enugu metropolis.

HYPOTHESIS

HYP. 10:- Salmonella and Escherichia coli are the major causes of bacteira infection found in livestock (poultry) feeds.

HYP. II: - salmonella only is the infection that effects the livestock (poultry) feeds.

HYP. II0:- Escherichia coli only is the bacteria infection that effects the livestock (poultry) feeds.)

STATEMNET OF PROBLEM

1. poultry feeds are infected during procession by handling, mixing of ingredient and exposing the raw materials and furnished products to the atmospheric micro organism.

2. Poultry (birds) are being infected through the consumption of the contaminated feeds and unpurified water

3. Also when the healthy and unhealthy birds are fed together from the some feeding trough and water vessels, eventually the pathogenic and the enteric organisms from infested ones may widely spread

4. Salmonella and Escherichia coli as the bacterial organisms effects the essential requirement of the body such as water, carbohydrate, fats, vitamin, minerals and protein thereby reducing the content of the nutrient needed for the food to the palatable and easily digestible

5. Consumers (humans) get infected by the in take of uncooked and half done chicken

.

THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.