THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES IN FERMENTATION OF STARCH – FROM MAIZE


THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES IN FERMENTATION OF STARCH – FROM MAIZE

ABSTRACT:   

The Anatomy of this project write-up encompasses the ordinary look of enzymes as organic molecules, rather it sheds more light into the comprehensive view and determination of the catalytic and specific activity enzymes particularly- DIASTASE, MALTASE and ZYMASE can exploit in industrial application, also critically important is the selective ways of providing fundamental data which allows the society-particularly small-scale brewers to understand and exploit the chemistry of fermentation by enzymes. The method employed in this project involves three processes namely.

1. The preparation of the enzymes by fermentation

2. The preparation of the starch substrate from maize

3. The overall process development involving both the products of the 1st and 2nd processes. The results of the method and procedures employed in this project are. That enzyme activities in biochemical processes involves catalysis- through binding of the enzyme molecule and the substrates. Finally, all enzymes in fermentation of starch whose catalytic properties rely on their molecular structure and arrangement are stabilized by interactions between their constituents. This is conclusively evident in the chemistry of the fermentation process in starch which is later discussed and highlighted in this write-up.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgment

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE

Background Information

Aim of the Study

Objectives of the Study

Significance of the Study

Statement of Problem

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

Chemistry of Fermentation

The Role of the Enzymes

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methodology

Materials and equipment

Methodology and procedures

The Process Development

Preparation of the Enzymes by Fermentation

Preparation of the Starch Substrate from Maize

Flowchart representing the Overall Process Development

CHAPTER FOUR

Results

Conclusion

CHAPTER FIVE

Recommendation

REFERENCES 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The primary aim of this project is center on the determination of the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation of starch from maize.

These enzymes are DIATASE, MALTASE and ZYMASE.

This determination study is made possible through certain unique properties which these collection of enzymes possess.

Speaking in concrete terms, ENZYMES serve as bio-catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions, like those involved with fermentation of starch. Enzyme molecules accelerate the rate of reactions, often by many orders of magnitude, thereby allowing the substance involved undergo a chemical breakdown.

Enzymes in fermentation of starch go about their work in an ASSEMBLY-LINE fashion; each enzyme performing a specific task at a particular stage of the fermentation process. For instance, the enzyme-MALTASE, breaks down MALTASE into two isomeric fermentable sugars namely Glucose and Fructose; thereby preparing another stage for another enzyme to act during the fermentation process. Enzymes in fermentation process especially in starch; perform their work at blinding speed.

A single molecule of enzyme can catalyze thousand of chemical reactions per second. This is because enzymes in fermentation reaction particularly in starch; have a marked ability to accelerate the reaction and also to promote the specific processes involved under the chemically mild conditions which prevails in the fermentation process. 

In all ways, these enzymes readily make essentials physiochemical contributions to the fermentation process by virtue of their organized and involved three dimensional structure which reveals certain regions on the enzyme surface where small solute molecules or ions can bind reversibly. Such solutes are called LIGANDS; a farm borrowed from ORGANOMETALIC CHEMISTRY.

There may be many ligard binding sites on the surface of an enzyme, but each site usually possesses the power to bind only a limited range of ligards, by virtue of the character of the site. The term “CHARACTER” is there used to cover not only the three-dimensional shape of the site but also its charge characteristics and to what degree if is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

The character of a binding site is clearly a function of the amino acid side chains that are brought together there by the folding of the polypeptide chain. Enzymes are distinguished from other protein molecules by having ACTIVE SITES. The substrate binds at the active site of its enzyme in much the same way as other ligards might do, but once bound there, a chemical reaction ensues because of the special nature of the enzyme active site in respect to their catalysis and specificity in fermentation bioprocess.

1. AIMS OF THE STUDY

The aim of this project is to determine the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation of starch-from maize.

1. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To prepare the enzymes through the microbial fermentation of malt/sermination barley extracts in a culture media and a seed fomenter.

To show the chemistry of fermentation process in starch by enzymic conversion.

To show the relevance and usefulness of enzymes in industrial fermentation.

1. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project work is limited to the determination of the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation bioprocess of starch from maize.

1. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of the work is centered on the catalytic and specific activities of enzymes in fermentation of starch for industrial usage.

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The cost of the enzymes and the inability of small scale brewers to understand and exploit the chemistry of fermentation by enzymic action.

.

THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES IN FERMENTATION OF STARCH – FROM MAIZE



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.