BACTERIA AND FUNGI INVOLVED IN YOGURT PRODUCTION


BACTERIA AND FUNGI INVOLVED IN YOGURT PRODUCTION  

ABSTRACT

Yogurt sold at the different manufacturers, in Ilorin Kwara State was taken to the laboratory and examined, different bacteria and fungi were found in all the yogurt tested using conventional methods. The implications of these micro organisms were discussed. 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                               i

Certification                                                    ii

Dedication                                                             iii

Acknowledgements                                               iv                                                                                                                           

Table of contents                                               v

List of tables                                                       vi

List of figures                                                     vii

Abstract                                                              viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   Introduction and literature review                                                      

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Materials and method

2.1 Sterilization of apparatus

2.2 Collection of samples

2.3 Preparation of culture media

2.3.1 Nutrient agar (NA) 

2.3.2 Potato dextrose agar (PDA)

2.4 Preparation serial dilution

2.4.1 Serial dilution for nutrient agar

2.4.2 Serial dilution for potato dextrose agar

2.5 Bacteria examination and isolation

2.6 Fungi examination and isolation

2.7 gram staining

2.8 Catalyses test

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Results

3.1Colonial morphology and biochemical characteristics of bacteria isolate

3.2 Colonial morphology of fungal isolates

3.3 Description and identification of fungi isolates

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Discussion

4.1 Conclusion

4.2 Recommendation

References

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: Colonial morphology of bacterial Isolates

Table 2: Colonial morphology of fungal Isolates

Table 3: Total colony count of bacteria lml (CFU)

Table 3B: Total colony count of fungi lml (CFU)

Table 4A: Distributions of bacterial isolates among sample

Table 4B: Distributions of fungi isolates among sample

Table 5A: Characterizations of bacterial Isolates

Table 5B: Characterizations of fungi Isolates

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1:       Rhizopus

Figure 2:       Aspergillus niger

Figure 3:       Saccharonyces 

CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION AND LITRERATURE REVIEW

Yogurt is a popular and healthy snacks and it has a lot of advantages over fresh milk despite the fact that yogurt is also a bye product of milk. The advantages it has over milk includes

(a) It can’t get perish like milk which get soured when it is not in refrigerator.

(b) It is thicker than milk which makes it easier to store and broadens it cooking.

(c) It gives a lot tangy flavour that people find appealing 

(d) It also contain low lactose unlike milk that has high lactose which makes it to be easily digestible for some people that has low lactose tolerance.

The bacterial that helps in converting milk into this yogurt are

(a) Bacterial which are of two strains

(1) LACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUS

(2) STREPTOCCOCCUS THERMOPHILLIUS. Along with bacteria fungi also take part in the formation of yogurt production. These micro organisms were mistakenly added to milk along with a plant like bacteria LACTOBACILLIUS BULGARICUS which is related to the strain of plant dwelling bacteria.

In the process of adding more LACTOBACILLIUS BULGARICUS into the milk produce more yogurt. it was now noted that STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILLIUS  has same symbiotic relationship with LACTOBACILLIUS BULGARIUM.

Yogurt is form through the conversion of lactose to lactic acid by LACTOBACILLIUS BULGARIUM so yogurt are made acidic through this process and also makes the milk’s protein thicken and thereby making it viscous. The acidity also prevents colonization from other microbes which aids in preservation.

By breaking down lactose to make the lactic acid the microbes lower the levels of lactose in the yogurt while the presence of STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILLIUS helps to fight along with LACTOBACILLIUS BULGARIUM against any microbes from outside during the early stage of the process <MILLER GD 2000 >.

Originally a simple fermented diary product, yogurt now has many variations and personalities. It can be thin and runny or thick and firm. It can be made from cow milk, goat milk, sheep milk, nut milk, soy milk, rice milk and from numerous other creamy substances.

In some countries the milk of buffalo, horse, yorks or camels is used for most of this discussion, we refer to yogurt in its originally form for fermented dairy milk. This was how yogurt was first developed, and most of the yogurt in the world is made this way. Essential yogurt is the product of beneficial bacteria fermenting milk and turning it into a thickened, acidic food that will stay fresh longer than milk itself, and that contains millions of bacteria that are welcomed by the human gut.

The word yogurt comes from Turkish word meaning to curdle or to thicken. Its probable that the earliest yogurt was made by accident in Mesopotamia around 5,000 BC, when milk producing animal were first domesticated. The milk was, likely stored and transported in bags made from the stomach of these animals, and the digestive juice and bacteria in the stomach livings made the milk coagulated and become acidic. Not only was it a new and interesting food, but the acidity helped to keep it edible for longer than if it had just sat out in a bowl or jar, the acidity of the yogurt helps clean away dirty and rust and also helps clear away dead skin and nourish healthy skin cells. Yogurt was a popular food in the Middle East for thousands of years and has been a staple of the eastern European diet. Its now eaten throughout the world, as a main course, a snack, an ingredient in many recipes and a condiment. It has a gained considerable popularity in America in the last forty or fifty years. Yogurt can be mildly tart or quite sour, and can be thick enough to stand up on a plate, or thin enough to pour or anywhere in between. It contain protein and calcium as well as variety of vitamins. Additionally, the process of yogurt fermentation is very similar to the process of digestion, so it can be easily consumed.

Not only does yogurt contain the same amount of protein and fat as the milk from which it is made, it also contain calcium, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and vitaminB12 while numerous claims have been made regarding the health benefits and digestibility of yogurt.

Hahai (2009)reported that a new type of yogurt prevent gastrointestinal distress; A new yogurt, containing urea’s antibodies, as been shown to prevent helicobacter pylori from binding to stomach walls and causing infection such as gastritis and stomach ulcers. This yogurt is made using vaccine-making technology urea injected into chickens allowed their immune system to produce an antibody to increase called igy-urease. The antibody is then harvested from chickens eggs and made into yogurt containing lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifid bacterium and egg yolk igy-urease. This yogurt is particularly  significant in developing countries where standard of care treatment like antacid and antibiotics are either unavailable or unaffordable it is currently available in Japan, Korea, and Tawan, Fleet G.,(1990).

The aim and objectives of this project work, apart from the academic on our part by the independent, is to make the public know different types of microorganism that takes part in yogurt production, to put the mind of the public at rest that not all microorganisms are harmful to human, to give the types, roles, effect and importance of these micro-organisms that involve in the production of yogurt and to produce good personelles.

.

BACTERIA AND FUNGI INVOLVED IN YOGURT PRODUCTION



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.