NEGOTIATION AS A COST REDUCING TECHNIQUE IN MATERIAL PROCUREMENT IN NIGERIA BREWERIES ENUGU PLANT


NEGOTIATION AS A COST-REDUCING TECHNIQUE IN MATERIAL PROCUREMENT IN NIGERIA BREWERIES ENUGU PLANT 

ABSTRACT

Negotiation as a reduction technique in material procurement is to ensure that high cost incurred in material procurement is manage hence the negotiation is one of the tool in spend cost management to optimise profit in every organization. Lack of knowledge to some guide when negotiating by procurement manages lead to high cost of finished product and it makes the product not to compete well with its competitors in the market. The impact expected at the end of negotiation is to minimize cost and maximise profit of the organisation. In both private and public sectors between 50% to 80% of the total expenditure is spend on acquiring either materials or services. The high percentage of charges by company’s agent could lead to additional cost of production over invoicing and overpayment. What else can be done, and what other mean can be used to acquire raw materials without incurring high cost. To reduce high cost, negotiation is one of the technique of spend cost management to arrive at a mutually acceptable bargain by planning. Objectives and strategy in order to arrive at an agreed pace term and condition of service between a procures and supplier. To ensure prudence and judicious utilization of the limited resources available in an organization. To expose ideas to procurement manager on how to achieve the objectives and enhance the profitability of organization as materials procured when adequately negotiated reduce cost incurred in acquisition of material for production process. To expose purchasing manager to possible tools of spend and cost management. The major research question of what re the techniques for negotiation the strategies for effective negotiation, the rate of material availability, how coordination and management of suppliers to ensure cost reduction and constant flow of materials to avoid interruption at the point of production. The research Design would be descriptive and analytical in nature. Interview would be conducted on selected staffs of Production, Stock Control section, Human Resources and Procurement Department. The Instrument for data collection are Questionnaire, Record, Interview, Observation. This work also comprise of summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Title                                        i

Approval                                    ii

Declaration                                    iii

Dedication                                    iv

Acknowledgement                                v

Abstract                                    vi

Table of contents                                vii

List of table’s                                viii

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

1.1    Background of the Study                        1

1.2    Statement of the Problem                    1

1.3    Objectives of the Study                        2   

1.4    Significance of the Study                        3

1.5    Scope of the Study                        4

1.6    Research Questions                         5

1.7    Definition of Terms                       

CHAPTER TWO:    Literature Review                   

2.1    Negotiation                                8

2.2    Preparation for Negotiation                    10

2.3    Negotiation Techniques                        11

2.4    Objectives of Negotiation                    13

2.5    When to Negotiate                            15

2.6    Importance of Negotiation in Relation to Procurement    16

2.7     Cost Reduction                                 18

2.8     Negotiation Process.                        19

2.9     Qualities of a Good Negotiation.                22

2.9.0  Material Procurement                          23   

CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology               

3.1     Area of Study                            24

3.2    Research Design                            25

3.3    Population of the Study                         27

    3.4    Sample, and Sampling Technique                27

3.5    Instruments for Data Collection                    28

3.6    Administration of the Instrument                 28

3.7    Techniques for Analysing Data                    28

CHAPTER FOUR: Presentation and Analysis of Data       

4.1    Presentations of Results                     30

CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations   

5.1    Summary of Procedure                        39

5.2    Discussion of Findings                        40

5.3    Implication of the Findings                    43

5.4    Conclusion                                43

5.5    Recommendations                        44

5.6    Suggestions for further Studies                    45

5.7    Delimitation of the study                      46

    Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER I:    Introduction

Every human being needs water to survive, so also every organization needs materials to survive. In the private and public sector, their total expenditure is mainly spent on acquiring either materials or facilities or services. There is no way business operations can be effectively carried out without them. Negotiation is vital to organizations so as to reduce cost or minimize cost and to maximize profit.

1.1    Background of the study

Negotiation as a cost deduction technique in material procurement is for efficiency of any business, and also contingent upon obtaining the right materials and have it available in the right quantity from the right source, at the right price, delivered at the right place at the right time, whereby failure to any of these adds to costs and decreases the profit level of any organization.

There has been procurement fraud because of the idea of speed money in the mind of some of the procurement managers or officials who buy materials or items for the organization. Lack of transparency has lead to excess spending, increasing cost of production, losing a lot of money through the inflating of prices, over invoicing and overpayment of materials procured.

High cost incurred in material procurement is as a result of procurement manager not doing his home work well that is by planning his objectives and strategy before hand and he enters the session without a positive attitude of success.

Lack of knowledge and not been conversant to some guide when negotiating by the procurement manager in respect to issue such as, when to negotiate, the agenda, negotiation technique and behaviour, some attribute of a good negotiator, the team leader to negotiate term of payment not stipulated and followed add to the cost of production. These could also lead to high cost of finished products and make it not to compete well with its competitors in the market, and calls for extra expenses on promotions and advert, renovation and so forth, just to improve sales in order to make profit or keeps the organization living.

Hence procurement being a process whereby all classes of resources such as materials, facilities, people required to render services are obtained procurement covers a wider range of supply activities than buying alone. Negotiation as cost reduction technique in materials procurement is embarked on to solve some of the problem earlier mentioned. Negotiation is a very vital and essential technique in every organization in both private and public sector to reduce high cost incurred in material procurement, the role in negotiation and all that it takes to negotiate effectively. The impact expected at the end of these is to minimise cost and maximise profit of the organization, and also to ensure that the end products stand in the competitive market, to satisfy the taste of consumers and promote the standard of living economy and the society at large.

1.2    Statement of the Problem

In both the private and public sectors, between 50% and 80% of their total expenditure is spent on acquiring either materials or services, procurement is thus the biggest item of expenditure of an organization. Excessive costs are incurred when enquiring these materials in private sector about 60% to 75% of company’s procurement (purchases) of materials examples raw material is done by the company agent or foreign officials of the company based abroad , who usually charge certain percentages for their work which could lead to additional cost of production, over-invoicing and over payment. What else can be done, and what other means can be used to acquire raw materials.

Further more, when there is a need to render service that is the award of contract we know that every one is interested in buying, although they call it purchasing but it has lead to mismanagement and squandering of funds. What are the procedures, measures technique to ensure that such contract or procurement of materials, goods and services are carried out appropriately and so on.

To reduce cost, negotiation is one of the techniques to use, since negotiation is an art of arriving at a common understanding through bargaining on the essentials of a contract such as delivery, price, terms and condition of service, payment. These communication of inter-changing ideas and information as a result of which procurer and the supplier arrived at a mutually acceptable bargain enhance the procurement manager with a positive attitude of success, planned his objectives and strategy before hand.

The procurement manager would have to collect and study all relevant facts before meeting the supplier, and then develop an agenda for the meeting to negotiate with the supplier. Adequate arrangement or preparation would be made in respect to the negotiation team, the leader with the technique that would be used to negotiate and when to negotiate will be spelled out.

1.3    Objectives of the Study

The objectives of these study is to ensure negotiation technique of communication for bargaining are well understood so that the buying organization and the supplier will arrive at and agreed price, terms and condition of service, payment and so on.

To ensure prudence and judicious utilization of the limited resources available in an organization, all procurement undertaken must comply with the principle of openness between the procurer and the supplier, transparency, accountability, competition among suppliers, cost effectiveness and value for money are monitored to enhance profitability of organization. Between the procurer and supplier there should be an understanding which leads to reducing cost involved in competitive bidding.

To also make room for meetings in order to attain the desire goal of the organization, and to ensures that suppliers perform according to the terms of the negotiation.

This study is specifically designed to:

i.    Identify the techniques for negotiation

ii.    Identify the strategies for effective negotiation

iii.    Investigate the current trend of materials availability in the organization under study

iv.    Identify criteria for coordination and management of supplier, that can  ensure cost reduction in material procurement

v.    Identify means of constant flow of material negotiated to avoid interruption at the point of production.

1.4        Significance of the Study

This research work would be useful or the beneficiaries of this research work is the management of the organization under study, Nigerian Bottling Company Coca Cola Plc to re-address the way and manner by which materials are procured with regard to cost consciousness    

The research work would also be of benefit to private and public procurement entity when negotiating on either organization or government contract. Negotiation is a trick to win supplier’s heart to willingly enter into a business traction and not using authority or power.

The research work would add to the findings of the previous and future researchers who intend to study or have studied similar topic and will also help the other incoming researcher to build up on their findings.

As a procurement manager the knowledge acquired would be used at the field to practice the profession in acquisition of materials to enhance profitability of the organization. To also expose some development suppliers stand to benefit from the organization the supply materials. 

    1.5    Research Questions

i.    What are the techniques for negotiation?

ii.     What are the strategies for effective negotiation and how can negotiation enhance purchasing activity to function effectively as purchasing in the organization?

iii.    What is the rate or extent of materials availability in the organization under study?

iv.    How can coordination and management of supplier ensure or enhance cost reduction in material procurement, and how does negotiation team help the business in actualizing it cost reduction objectives.

v.    How can constant flows of material negotiated avoid interruption at the point of production?

1.6    Definition of Terms

Negotiation: this is the process of planning, receiving, and analysing used by the buyer and the seller, to reach an acceptable agreement or compromise is an aspect of business transactions of payment and so on.

Purchasing: This is used as a process of buying in the market, but in a broader sense, it is a professional term used when buying goods and services by organisations, companies, industries, commerce and corporation by a professional buyer.

Procurement: Is where large quantity of goods and services are exchanged for money with the aim of reselling them to industrial or ultimate consumer markets. Examples of these markets are distributors, wholesalers, retailers and associations.

Bargaining: Is an agreement to buy, sell or exchange made after discussions in order to arrived at compromise

Specification: a specification is a details description of item, its dimension, analysis, performance or other relevant characteristics in sufficient details to ensure that it will be suitable in all respect for the purpose it is intended or wanted.

Buyer: a buyer is a person who buys goods at a particular price without the technicalities involved being taken into consideration. He is not regarded as a purchaser in real sense.

Purchaser: is anyone from the professional to the top executive or any departmental member with the tag ‘Purchasing Manager’ that select suppliers and also have the responsibility for implementing the policies of the organization related to the acquisition of material, services, and production equipments or assets.

Competitive Bidding: is calling for bids and evaluating the bids to arrive at the best price.

Tactics: is expedient means of achieving an objective.

Service: it could be after sales services, delivery dates, sellers meeting, and providing information on materials availability.

Confrontation: is a situation where both sides refuse to bulge, which often result to surrender or no deal.

Persuasion: is a situation where one party knows best and will therefore subtly impulse his will on the other.

Dimension: this implies not only quoting the sizes of the various parts of articles, but also indicating the amount of tolerance which may be permitted in the sizes.

Material: Is an element of production that is used to produce a product.

.

NEGOTIATION AS A COST REDUCING TECHNIQUE IN MATERIAL PROCUREMENT IN NIGERIA BREWERIES ENUGU PLANT



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.