ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA (CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI)


ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA (CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI)  

ABSTRACT

This study considered the mineralogical, elemental composition in form oxides and engineering properties such as particle size, specific gravity, bulk density; water content and atterberg limits of two kaolin deposits in Kpankorogi in Edu Local Government of Kwara State and in Ijero-Ekiti in Ijero-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.This is  with a view to assessing their potentials for Various industrial applications. The analyses includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD and X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF). It was observed that the kaolin sample from Kpankorogi is dominated by Quartz and the one from Ijero- ekiti by Orthoclase. The result of the chemical analysis indicates the presences of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O­3, TiO2, MnO, CaO, MgO, K2O, Na2O, CuO, ZmO, Cr2O5, V2O5 and Sc2O3. The X RD In particular, shows that Kpankorogi kaolin contains Quartz and Kaolinite while Ijero- Ekiti contains in addition to kaolinite,s orthoclase and Muscovite. Considering the possible applications of the two kaolin deposits, it was observed they do not meet the required standards completely in all instances.     

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                       i

Certification                       ii

Dedication             iii

Acknowledgement             iv

Abstract v

Table of Content                                                                                       vi-vii

List of Tables             viii

List of Figures                                                                    xi                                                    

 CHAPTER ONE                                                                        

 1.0    Introduction               1

 1.1   Aim and Objectives of the Study             2

 1.2   Scope and Limitation of the Study 3

 1.3   Research Justification 3

1.4    Problems Statement 3

 CHAPTER TWO

  2.0 Literature Review                                                              4

  2.1 Historical Background of the Study    4

  2.2 Properties of Kaolin  5

  2.3 Uses of Kaolin 6

 CHAPTER THREE

 3.0 Materials and Methods 8

 3.1 Description of the Study Areas 8

 3.2 Method of Samples Collection 8

 3.3 Laboratory Analyses 12

 3.3.1 Moisture Content             12

 3.3.2 Bulk Density Determination 13

 3.3.3 Specific Gravity Determination 13

 3.3.4 Grain Size Analyses 15

 3.3.5 Atterberg Limit 17

 3.3.6.1 Liquid Limit 17

 3.3.6.2 Plastic Limit 18

 3.3.6.3 Shrinkage Limit 19

 3.3.7 X.R.D. Analysis 20

 3.3.8 X.R.F. Analysis 22

 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0   Results And Discussion 23

4.1 Properties of Kpankorogi and Ijere-Ekiti Kaolin Deposits 23 

 4.2   Water Content Distribution 23

 4.2   Bulk Density 24

 4.3   Specific Gravity 24

 4.4   Atterberg Limits 24

 4.5 Sieves Analyses 25

 4.1.6   X-ray Diffraction 26

 4.6 X-ray Fluorescence 28 

CHAPTER FIVE

 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 31

 5.1 Conclusion 31

 5.2 Recommendation 31

       References 33     

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Engineering and physical properties of the samples    31

Table 4.2:Grain Size Analysis of the samples32

Table 4.3: Chemical composition of the Samples 33

Table 4.4: Mineralogical components of the Samples      33

Table 4.5      Major elemental oxides tested by kaolin sample compared 

with  chemical and industrial specifications 34

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 3.1:      Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara and Ekiti State s 12

Fig. 3.2:      Map of Ekiti State indicating the study Area A

Fig. 3.3:      Map of Kwara State indicating the Study Area B

Fig. 4.1: X-ray Diffractogram of Kpankorogi Kaolin Sample 35

Fig.4.2: X-ray Diffractogram of Ijero-Ekiti Kaolin Sample 36

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                                   Introduction

       Kaolin is a clay rock and part of the group of industrial minerals with the chemical composition (Al2Si205 (OH)4.

It is a layered silicate mineral with one tetrahedral sheet linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet alumina i.e. structurally composed of silicate sheet (Si2O­5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layer Al2 (OH)4 called gibbsite layers and repeating layer of the mineral are hydrogen bonded together. (Rost, 1992; Bish, 1993; Klein and Kuribut, 1993; Slivka, 2002).

        Kaolin is a plastic raw material, particular consisting of clay mineral kaolinite. In systematic mineralogy, Kaolin ranks among phyllosilicates, which are stratified clay minerals formed by a network of tetrahedral and octahedral layers. Phyllosillicates are classified into the main groups according to the type of layers, inter-layer contents, charge of the layers and chemical formulas. Besides kaolinite groups, serpentine, halloysite, pyrofylite, mica and montmorillonite groups also ranks among phylllosillicates. Group of kaolinites includes di-octahedral mineral with two layers and one silica (SiO4) tetrahedral layer and one aluminum (Al2(OH)4) octahedral layer. The layers are bondecd together by sharing oxygen anion between Al and Si together, these two layers are called platelets (Pauk,et al.,1962; Stejskal, 1971., Duda et al., and Hurlbut, 1993).

Kaolinite shares the same chemistry as the mineral halloysite, dickeite and necrite.  The four minerals are polymorphs as they have the same chemistry but different structures. All the minerals were derived from chemical alteration of aluminum rich silicate minerals, such as feldspars. However, they could be found as sedimentary deposits as well as hydrothermal alteration product of rocks containing a high of alumino-silicate minerals. 

  Kaolin is formed under acidic conditions through weathering or hydrothermal change of feldspars, and to a lower extent also other weathered kaolin deposits, kaolin clay or may be a compound of kaolinite, sandstones and olitic ironstones, and  less frequently also of pegmatite and hydrothermal deposit. The most significant kaolin deposits were formed through intensive weathering of rock rich in feldspars (granite, arkoses, certain types of ortho-gneisses and misgmatites).

 Millions years ago, original material was decomposed by weathering, giving rise to kaolin and silica combined with higher or lower amounts of admixtures.(Bernard, el al; 1992).  

1.1   Aim and Objectives of the Study 

 Aim of this study is to determine the suitable industrial application of kaolin from location investigated.

To achieve the above stated aim, the following objective will be carried out:

i. determination of mineralogical composition of the kaolin deposits

    ii      determination of the chemical/oxide composition of the deposits

    iii     determination of the physical and engineering properties of the kaolin deposits.

1.2   Scope and Limitation of the Study

The purpose of this project covers two deposits, the Kpankorogi and the Ijero-Ekiti kaolin deposits. Samples were collected from each of the deposits for oxide analyses, mineralogical analyses as well as the determination of the engineering and physical properties. The numbers of samples are limited due to cost constraint. A sample is collected from each of the deposits for both the oxides and mineralogical analyses. This particular study does not include reserve estimation, but this is recommended for future workers.

1.3   Research Justification

Since Kaolin is a widely used industrial material, determination of its chemical composition, mineralogical contents and engineering properties are very important. It will enable the suitable industrial and economic applications of Kaolin.

1.4   Problem Statement

  Difficulty where encounter in this project research, during the samples collection. During the collection of samples digging where involved to get the appropriate samples, which is very tedious to dig.

More so, during the analyses of the of engineering properties of the samples  in which problems occur by which some engineering properties was not able to carried out which it as been refer for the future work.   

.

ANALYSIS OF PROPERTIES OF KAOLIN DEPOSITS IN NIGERIA (CASE OF STUDIES OF KPANKOROGI AND IJERO-EKITI)



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.