ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN MINNA, NIGER STATE


ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN MINNA, NIGER STATE 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page………………..i

Certification……………ii

Dedication………………iii

Acknowledgment……….iv

Abstract…………………vi

Table of content………vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the study

1.2    Justification

1.3    Aim

1.4     Objectives

CHAPTER TWO

2.0                   LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1    Morphology of the Species Infecting Man

2.1.1EncephalitozoonSpecies

2.1.2    EnterocytozoonSpecies

2.1.3NosemaSpecies

2.1.4          PleistophoraSpecies

2.2          Biology and Life cycle of Microsporidia

2.3      Geographic Distribution & Prevalence of Microsporidiosis in Humans

2.4.0      Transmission of Microsporidia

2.4.1      Human Microsporidiosis

2.4.2       Systemic Infection of Microsporidiosis

2.4.3      Ocular Infections of Microsporidiosis

2.4.4      Intestinal Infections of Microsporidiosis

2.4.5      Muscle Infections of Microsporidiosis

2.5Sources of Human Infection

2.5.1     Humans (vertical and horizontal transmission)

2.5.2       Animals (Zoonotic transmission)

2.5.3      Water (waterborne transmission)

2.5.4       Food (foodborne transmission)

2.5.5        Insects (Vectorbornetransmission)

2.6     Diagnosis of Microsporidia

2.7Treatment of Microsporidiosis

CHAPTER THREE

3.0                MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1    Study area

3.2    Study Population

3.3    Sample collection

3.4.0    Sample Analysis

3.4.1    Stool Analysis

3.4.2    Blood Tests

3.4.2.1   HIV Screen

3.4.2.2    CD4 Lymphocyte Count Test

3.5     DataAnalysis

3.6    Ethical Permission

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0                  RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1    Results

4.1.1    Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in HIV/AIDs patients in General

Hospital Minna, Niger State.

4.1.2    Prevalence of Microsporidia Species among HIV/AIDs patients of General

Hospital Minna, Niger State.

4.1.3    Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia in HIV/AIDs patients of General

Hospital Minna in relation to sex.

4.1.4Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia among HIV/AIDs patients of General

Hospital Minna, Niger State in relation to age groups.

4.1.5 Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia among HIV/AIDs patients of General

Hospital Minna, Niger State in relation to CD4 cell count /µl.

4.2    Discussion

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0            CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

5.2 Recommendations

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

Microsporidia are single-celled, obligate intracellular parasites that were recently reclassified from protozoa to fungi.  Microsporidia are a group of intracellular parasites which have attracted the interest of parasitologists for over 100 years. The first species, Nosemabombycis, was discovered in the middle of the 19th century as the cause of silkworm disease (i.e., pepper disease, pebrine disease), which nearly destroyed the silkworm industry in Southern Europe (Didier,2005; Franzen,2008).More than 1,400 microsporidian species have been described in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Only eight genera and 15 species of microsporidia have been associated with human infections.

The first report on human microsporidia infection was in 1959 and described the case of a 9-year-old Japanese boy who presented with disseminated microsporidiosis associated with fever, headache, vomiting,and spastic convulsions, (Matsubayashet al.,1959). Interest in this group of parasites started with the development of the AIDS pandemic around the world in 1980’s. In 1985, a new species Enterocytozoonbieneusiwas found in an HIV-infected patient. Since then,species of microsporidia have been recognized worldwideas etiologic agents of opportunistic infections. The clinicalcourse of microsporidiosis depends on the immune statusof the patient and the site of infection. The groups at riskconstitute people with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipientsbeing treated with immunosuppressive drugs, travellers,children and the elderly, (Didier, 2000; Garcia, 2002;Rabodonirina, 2003; Wichro, 2005; Dworkin, 2007; Galvan, 2011).

Two microsporodiaEnterocytozoonbieneusi and Encephalitozoonintestinalis have been identified as possible causes of diarrhoeal illness in HIV-infected patients, (Mouraet al.,1993; Kotler, 1995).Over 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, the majority (more than 25 million) of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. Up to 2.4 million deaths were recorded worldwide in 2005, (Akinboet al.,2009).

People in the advanced stages of HIV infection are vulnerable to secondary infections and malignancies that are generally termed as opportunistic infections as they take the advantage of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system, (Saidu, et al.,2009). In HIV/AIDS positive patients, the most clinical manifestation is chronic diarrhoea and wasting due to enteric infection, (UNIADS 1998).This parasite is commonly observed in HIV-infected patients with CD4 Lymphocytes count of less than 50cells/mm3 who complain of chronic diarrhoea, nausea, malabsorption and severe weight loss but asymptomatic infection have also been reported in immunocompetentpersons,(Sak et al.,2011).

1.2       Justification

Microsporidiosisis a neglected tropical disease that is associated with chronic diarrhoea especially in persons living with HIV/AIDS, and in other immune-compromised individuals (elderly, organ transplant individuals, travellers). In developing countries like Nigeria, there has not been any serious efforts toward the eradication of Microsporidiosis. Infection rate of Microsporodiosis is on the increase in tropical and subtropical countries due to lack of health hygiene, access to public health centres, and knowledge of the disease. In Nigeria detection of microsporidia is not routinely performed in clinical practice, there is therefore dearth of information concerning Microsporidia in respect to prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and control.

Few cases of the disease has been reported in HIV/AIDS, and other immune-compromised individuals in Nigeria. However, epidemiology and prevalence of the disease has not been well documented for sustainable control. There is therefore a need for further study and understanding of the epidemiology of the parasite. Documenting the prevalence of the Infection will aid in management and control of the disease.

1.3       Aim

This study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of Microsporidia in HIV/AIDSpatients in Minna, Niger State.

1.4       Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are to determine:

The prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidia among HIV/AIDS patients of General Hospital Minna, Niger State. The species of Microsporidiainvolved in relation to sex and age among HIV/AIDs patients of General Hospital Minna, Niger State The association of CD4 Cell count and Microsporidia infection in HIV / AIDS patients.

.

ASSESSING THE PREVALENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA IN HIV/AIDS PATIENTS IN MINNA, NIGER STATE



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.