PRODUCTION OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT INSECTICIDES USING PLANT EXTRACTS


PRODUCTION OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT INSECTICIDES USING PLANT EXTRACTS

CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Malaria is one of the commonest and major parasitic infections of public health interest in the globe especially in the tropics and sub-tropics. It still remains the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in all sub-saharan countries up to this day. Malaria accounts for 10% - 30% of all hospital admissions, and is responsible for 15% - 25% of all deaths in children under the age of 5 years. Pregnant women are not be exonerated from the risk of malaria infections as the disease is also said to be responsible for a substantial number of miscarriages and underweight births (WHO, 1996; RMB, 2007). Globally, only mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles have been incriminated as the vectors of this life-threatening disease. Therefore the control of malaria invariably implies sustainable control of its vectors.

One of the best control measures is the application of intervention methods. Such intervention methods involve the use of insecticides, larvicides, topical repellents among others, to intercept the vector-host interactions or contact. Cutting off or breaking the link between mosquito vectors and human hosts consequently disrupts the life cycle of malaria parasite. The overall result is the reduction in morbidity and mortality rates following reduced transmission of the disease (Toure, 2002). Beside from the use of insecticide treated nets (ITNS), many other different types of substances, natural and synthetic, have been discovered and adopted to protect human hosts against mosquito bites. These substances keep mosquitoes from biting humans and make human hosts undetectable, or are anti-mosquito cloak that conceal or hide the host from recognition by mosquitoes, as a meal source (Jacobson, 1990; Foster and Duke, 1990; ICMR, 2003). Today citrus essential oils as well as extracts from other plants such as Cedar wood, Citronella, Eucalyptus, Pennyxoyai, Turpentine, Winter green (Sadik, 1973), have been identified as very important natural resource of either pesticides or insecticides (Raguraman and Singh, 1997; Gbolade, 2001), or repellent (Sadik, 1973; Thorsell et al., 1998; Oyedele et al., 2000; Govere et al., 2000; Girgenti and Suss, 2003). They have been used as both topical preparations and combustible products like incense sticks to repel insects such as mosquitoes.

 In some places, dried citrus fruit peels are burnt on charcoal fire to repel and/or destroy mosquitoes in homes.The global preference of phytochemicals in malaria vector control may be based on their unique properties which include environmental sustainability, easily biodegradable, readily available and cheap andnon-toxicity to man and his domestic animals (Herrera and Vieto, 1980; Duke, 1992). Repellent and attractant properties of phytochemicals from plants other than citrus plant species have been investigated by various scholars (Tyagi et al., 1994; Ansari and Razdam, 1995; Trigg, 1996; Pathak et al., 2000; Moore et al., 2002).

Mosquitoe insecticides are quick and powerful way to get rid of mosquitoes but unfortunately they are only temporary. The effect usually lasts only as long as the insecticide is present, as soon as it drift away or dries out, the mosquitoes are back. Mosquitoes control officials use insecticides only in combination with other form of mosquito control. The same method should apply to use around the house. Insecticides are not long-term solution. Insecticides are commonly dispersed through a fog or ultralow volume mist. Insecticides are available at most home and garden stores, and it come in hand- held applicator or devices that can be attached to a lawn mower. Example of two popular insecticides are Malathion and Permethrin.

Malathion is an organophosphate often used to treat crops against a wide array of insects. It can be sprayed directly onto vegetation such as bushes where mosquitoes like to rest, or used in a 5% solution to fog in the yard. In small amount used for mosquito control , it poses no threat to humans or wide life. In fact, Malathion is also used to kill headlice.

Permethrin is one of the group of chemicals called Pyrethroids. It is a synthetic form of a natural insecticides found in Chrysanthemus flowers. It usually mixed with oil or water and applied as a mist about 1/100th of a pond per acre. Like Marathion, permethrin kills mosquitoes by disrupting their nervous systems. Not harmful to humans and animals in small quantity, but toxic to fishes and bees.

Both Malathion and permethrin are also available in sprays for use inside the home. The insecticides works for several days when applied to shrubbery or grass, but will breakdown overtime, especially in rain. When released into air through fog or mist. They are usually good for few hours before they become too dissipated to be effective.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

Over the years, mosquitoes pose a great threat to humans' health. So, need arise to develop a lasting solution to the invasion of mosquitoes in our environment. Different methods had been detected to control mosquitoes but there is need to develop a cheap, easy to produce, and long lasting solution.

1.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The main objectives of the study is the production of mosquito repellant insecticides using plant extracts which will be cheap, effective and readily available for everyone even in rural area.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is an insecticides?

2. What is the effect of plants extract on mosquito?

3. Is mosquito repellant insecticides a lasting solution to mosquito invasion?

1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

Overtime and repeated use of insecticides resistance can occur in mosquito population. Scientists researching the subject believe that the ability of mosquitoes to resist insecticides represent a serious threat to the prevention of diseases such as Malaria, dengue, Chikunginya. This threaten effort to prevent epidermis.

Mosquitoes can be reduced or controlled around our homes naturally through the use of natural or biological means. Predatory fish (Gambusia), Dragonflies, plant repellant, bacteria and even other mosquitoes that are mosquito eaters. Citrosa, Lemon thyme, and Rosemary plants are known to be good  insect repellant. Bacillus Thurigiesis Israelensis is a Natural occurring bacteria used as a larvacide in ponds and other areas where mosquitoes are breeding. These are poisonous to mosquito larvae when they feed on it in the water. Mosquito trap are also good method of controlling mosquitoes on our area.Orange peel also known as Cestrum is a wonderful hybrid derived from Cestrum diurnum and Cestrum Nocturnum. Cestrum is a veritable living bouquet of pure orange blossoms that strives well in warm climates. Orange peel is a fragrant orange flower, it need low maintenance and strives in hot weather. Orange peel contains oil known as Limonene oil which has a lethal effect on mosquito and some other insects. Hence, Cestrum can be used as an active ingredient to produce mosquito coil, which when ignited will repel mosquitoes within the limit of the smoke.

1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDY.

The research focus on the production of mosquito repellant insecticides using plant extracts.

REFERENCES

1. Ansari M. A. and Razdam R. K. 1995. Relative efficacy of various oils in repelling mosquitoes. Indian Journal of malariology, 32, 104.

2. Duke J. A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. CRK press Boca Eaton, Florida.

3. Foster S. and Duke J. A. 1990. Naphtalactose, a mild sedative compound in Catnip, also possess herbicidal and insect - repellant properties. In Peterson Field Guides, Eastern/ Central Medicinal plants. Houghton Mifflinco. New York.

4. Gbolade A. A. 2011. Plant derived insecticides in the control of malaria vectors. Journal of Tropical medicinal plants. 2: 91-97.

5. Herrera, A.P. and Vieto S.A. 1980. Insecticidal use of orange juice essential oil. Panama SPA, United states.

6. Moore S. A. Lengiett A. and Hill N. 2002. Field evaluation of three plants based insect repellent against malaria vector in VACA DIE 2 province of the Bollivan Amazon. Journal of American mosquito control Association 18: 107.

7. Oyedele A. O. Orafidiya L. O Lamikaura A. and Olaifa J.L. 2000. Volatility and Mosquito repellency of Hemizygia Welwitschii oil and its formulation. Insect science and its application. 20; 123-128.

8. Pathak N. Mitral P.K. Singh O.P. Vidya S. and Vasidevan P. 2000. Larval action of essential oil from plants against the vector mosquito. Anopheles Stephens {Liason}. Culex Quintus fascist us (Say) and Added Aegypti(L). Insect pest control. 42:53.

9. Sadick F. 1973. Handbook of nonprescription drugs. Editors G. Griffenhagun and L. Hawkins American Pharmacological association, Washington D.C.

10. Thorselli W. Mikiver A. Malander I. and Tunon H. 1998. Efficacy of plant extracts and oils as mosquitoe repellents. Phytomedicine 5:311-323.

11. Thoure Y. 2002. Malaria Vector control strategies and challenges in Africa, Mali. In Epidemiology of parasitic diseases. University of Mali press.

12. Trigger J.K. 1996. Evaluation of Eucalyptus based repellent against Anopheles spp in Tanzania. Journal of American Mosquito Control Association 12: 243.

13. WHO 1996. Disease sheet. Malaria - the current situation.

 

.

PRODUCTION OF MOSQUITO REPELLENT INSECTICIDES USING PLANT EXTRACTS



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.