DESIGN OF A PLANT TO PRODUCE 60,000 METRIC TONNES OF VINEGAR FROM PALM WINE PER YEAR


DESIGN OF A PLANT TO PRODUCE 60,000 METRIC TONNES OF VINEGAR FROM PALM WINE PER YEAR

CHAPTER ONE 1.0     INTRODUCTION        1.1     Design Philosophy

This design philosophy adopted the best environmental management practices (BEMPs) which emphasizes the source control of all wastes generated at a facility through relatively inexpensive adjustments to process and/or operating procedures in order safe cost and also ensure that the vinegar plant is safe and profitable.

In this philosophy, the control, electrical, mechanical, and piping engineers on a project would start their work once the P&IDs are complete and the vinegar plant is found to be economically viable.

1.2      Background and Motivation of Study     

Vinegar is a liquid produced from the fermentation of ethanol that yields a key ingredient, acetic acid from acetic acid bacteria. Pooja and Soumitra (2013) defined vinegar as a liquid fit for human consumption, produced from suitable raw materials of agricultural origin containing starch, sugars, or starch and sugars by the process of double fermentation, alcoholic and acetous, containing a specified amount of acetic acid. Vinegar fermentation is essentially a two stage process. The first stage involves the anaerobic conversion of fermentable sugars to ethanol by yeasts, usually Saccharomyces species while the second stage is the aerobic oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid by bacteria, usually Acetobacter species. It must contain not less than 4% acetic acid (Maal et al., 2010). The acetic acid concentration ranges typically from 4-8% by volume for table vinegar (typically 5%) and higher concentrations for pickling (up to 18%) (Kanchanarach et al.,2010). The application of vinegar is quite vast. It could be used in dressing salads, manufacture of useful medicines, preservation of food, provision of antioxidants or as an antibacterial agent (Johnston et al., 2004; Shizuma et al., 2011; Soltan and Shehata, 2012). Vinegar has historically been recognized as having a number of health benefits due to therapeutic compounds including: gallic acid, catechin, ephicatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, pcoumaric acid. It has physiological effects such as invigorating (Johnston, 2005; Johnston et al., 2004), regulator of blood pressure (Kondo and Tayama, 2001), diabetes mellitus regulator (Ostman et al., 2005), appetite stimulator, digestion and absorption of calcium (Ndoye et al., 2007). It is also known to be effective in cancers (Xibib et al., 2003), osteoporosis (Kishi and Fukaya, 1999) and neurological diseases (Davalos et al., 2005). Traditionally, vinegar is widely produced from rice, malt, apples, wine, molasses, dates, sorghum, apples, pears, grape, berries, melons, coconut, honey, beer, maple syrup, potatoes, beets, malt grains and whey and various other agricultural materials. However, alternative processes have been extensively explored because of the high production cost associated with the utilization of various sugary and starchy raw materials, ultimately used as food. Therefore, vinegar production from agricultural wastes could be a possible alternative because it has the potential to realize cheaper production of vinegar with low environmental impact by the effective utilization of renewable resources such as agricultural wastes. Vinegar has been produced from pineapple peel (Sossou et al., 2009; Raji et al., 2012; Roda et al., 2014; Umaru et al., 2015), sweet lime peel (Priyadarshini et al., 2014); papaya peel (Vikas and Umesh, 2014), decomposed fruits (Diba et al., 2015) and other fruit waste (Kulkarni, 2015).

1.3     Justification of the Design     

Vinegar has been produced by several different methods. In all known methods, the most common have been obtained from oxidation of ethanol. However, the starting material which gives the alcohol to be oxidized makes the difference in various designs.

1.4     Problem Statement       Vinegar has been used as a medicine, corrosive agent, pickling agent and can be directly consumed in diluted form as a beverage. In the food industry, vinegar is used mainly as an acidulant, but it has also many other food processing applications. It is found in hundreds of different processed foods, including salad dressings, mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup, bread and bakery products, canned foods, marinades and the current falling wine consumption have favoured an increase in vinegar production (De Oryet et al., 2002).

Traditionally, vinegar is widely produced from rice, malt, apples, wine, molasses, dates, sorghum, apples, pears, grape, berries, melons, coconut, honey, beer, maple syrup, potatoes, beets, malt grains and whey and various other agricultural materials. However, alternative processes have been extensively explored because of the high production cost associated with the utilization of various sugary and starchy raw materials, ultimately used as food. Therefore, this design project seeks to utilized palm wine for the production of vinegar.

Despite the vast application of vinegar, there is no available data for industrial production of vinegar in Nigeria. Traditional method is what is being utilized to produce vinegar just for personal consumption. It’s sad to know that most of the vinegar consumed within the shores of Nigeria was imported despite her huge agricultural prowess.

With the Nigerian economy currently grappled with recession and the prospect in industrial production of vinegar; since there is a market for it already come the motivation for this design project. The thesis aims the designing a plant to produce 60,000 ton of vinegar per year, bearing in mind that the plant must be cost effective and hazard free and the vinegar product must meet the quality specification.

 

.

DESIGN OF A PLANT TO PRODUCE 60,000 METRIC TONNES OF VINEGAR FROM PALM WINE PER YEAR



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.