THE ANALYSIS OF BUSH PEAR AND ITS OIL


THE ANALYSIS OF BUSH PEAR AND ITS OIL   

ABSTRACT

The research project studies the analysis of pear and its oil. The mesocarp from edible African pear “DacryodesEdulis” were evaluated for their oil yield. The pulp from this pear were oven dried at 100oC-105oC to a moisture content level of 29%.The mesocarp was subjected to proximate analysis to determine the percentage of the moisture, ash, fat, crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate content which resulted to the values of 29%, 2%, 19.6%, 25.5%, 11.9%, and 12% respectively. Then the dried sample was pulverized by using hammer mill and the oil was extracted by solvent extraction using n-hexane. The oil extracted were analyzed for the chemical properties i.e. (Acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value) etc. the values obtained are respectively 8.41gm/KOH/gm, 185.1gm/KOH/gm, 2.8gm/KOH/gm 3.96gm/iodine/gm and Physical properties i.e. (Refractive index, Ph value, specific gravity) which the values obtained are 1.469brix, 5.7 and 0.92. and the The percentage oil yield content is 51.57%. This physio-chemical characteristic and fatty acid composition of this oil show that they have industrial potentials.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Certification ii

Approval page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

Table of contents vii

chapter one

Introduction1

Historical background of the study3

Aims and objectives5

Statement of the problem6

Significance/economic importance of the study6

Scope and limitation of the study7

chapter two

Literature review9

Introduction9

Extraction10

Mechanical/physical method of extraction11

Chemical/solvent method12

Basic principles of solvent extraction13

Choice of solvent/solvent properties15

Applications of solvent extraction16

Methods of leaching operations17

Solvent extraction theory17

Factors affecting the rate of extraction20

Properties of solvent21

Extractors22

Distillation as a separation technique24

Classification of oils25

Properties of oil26

African Pear31

Features of the African pear31

Taxonomy of the African pear plant32

Characteristic and composition of the African33

Oil from African pear34

Uses of African pear35

Economic values of African pear37

Chapter Three

Characterisation of dacryodesedulis40

Experiment Procedures40

Material/Equipment40

Reagents42

Pre-treatment processes43

Extraction of the oil44

Characterisation of the oil.45

To Determine the percentage yield of the oil45

Proximate analysis of dacryodesedulis46

To determine the moisture contents of the sample46

To Determine the ash content of the sample47

To determine the fat content of the sample

(lipid – fat & oil) 49

To Determine the crude fibre of the sample50

To Determine carbohydrate content52

Chemical analysis of the oil52

Determination of acid value of the african pear oil53

Determination of the iodine value of african pear oil53

:Determination of the peroxide value of african pear oil56

Determination of saponification value of the oil58

Physical analysis of the oil59

To Determine the refractive index of the oil59

To Determinethe specific gravity of African pear oil60

Determination of the ph value of African pear oil60

Chapter Four

Experimental results and discussion62

Tables and results62

Discussion64

Chapter Five

Conclusion and recommendation65

Conclusion65

Recommendation65

References 67

Appendix 72

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

In the major world, one major source of protein and vegetable oil is from oil seeds /fruits (Williams M. A. 1996). Oil constitutes a well defined class of naturally occurring substance. It is greasy, being soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in polar solvents such as water. Oil is a liquid at room temperature. Commercially, oil as well as fats is sourced from certain plant groups mostly seeds and nuts and some parts of animal within which they occur in relatively large quantity in an easily available form (McGraw-Hill, 1997). The existence of oil in certain plants has been known for century of years (Ogbu 2005).Oil can be grouped into edible and non-edible oil depending on the amount of unsaponified matters and impurities contained therein. Edible oil extracted from African pear, bread fruits, cashew nut, peanut etc. are examples of vegetable oil which are naturally occurring esters of higher fatty acids and glycerol, and are predominantly triglycerides with traces of mono and diglycerides, sterples, anti- oxidants, vitamins, saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids and other minor constituents. They are widely distributed in nature and were first consumed as food. Later, oils were discovered to be used as renewable raw materials for variety of non-food production. For instance; soaps, creams, disinfectants, paints, enamels, inks etc.

Due to the oil boom in the early 70‟s, agriculture was abandoned for petroleum and its product, but recently, things are taking a new turn in Nigeria over dependence on petroleum for virtually everything has not really helped matters. The economic situation in the country is bad and the general standard of living is getting poorer with each passing day, Hence, the need for a restructure of the economic system with an agricultural bias.

Most agriculture products such as these oils extracted from local seeds and nut, if properly monitored and harvested can be very useful for us down here and even exported for foreign exchange, hence the need for this project which deals on the extraction and analysis of African pear oil.

Extraction of oil from various vegetable resources is of ancient origin. In fact, the natives from different tropical regions of the globe have long been extracting oil from numerous oil-bearing plants. Humans, since the ancient times have known how to extract fats and oil from their natural resources. Historically, oils had been extracted by wrapping nuts in clothes and then using devices operated by stones and levers to exert pressure on them. But now, an improved form of mechanical device, which allowed considerably more pressure to be exerted, is now in use in form of hydraulic operated ram. This type of press is developed into a motorized hydraulic pump system that pressed the nut bag and then released a pressed cake. The next improvement in extracting oil is the screw press or expeller which is been driven by electric

motor.Because most press or expeller processes leads to over-heating of the meal and leave too- much of the high value oil in cakes, better methods of extracting the oil with solvent was developed. Bush pear was processed by solvent methods alone in this project. This process can be accomplished by a variety of ways but as might be expected, its efficiency depends to a great extent on attaining intimate contact between the liquid solvent and the solid containing the solute. The type of solvent available for this process include n- hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, n-heptanes, acetone etc.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The generic name “Dacryodes” was derived from the Greek word “Dakruon” meaning [tear] referring to resin droplets on the bank surface of its member while “Edulis” means edible emphasizing the importance of nutrients fruits in the plants cultivation .The plant belongs to the family Burseraceae whose members are characterized by an ovary of 2to 5 cells, prominent as inducts in the bark, wood, and intrasteminal disk (Chunduff, 1984). The genus Dacryodes consist of about 10 species (Verheji, 2002). However (Rehn, 1984) indicated 80 species to encompass sub species of varieties, form and cultivars. Two varieties are recognized; Var-parvicarpa and Var-edulis whose conical fruit is smaller with the pulp. Var-edulis exhibit verticulate or sub-verticulate branching while

the branching is slender and opposite or bifurcate in var-parvicarpa (Okafor et.al 1983).

Dacryodesedulis is an indigenous fruit in the Gulf of Guinea and central African countries(Troupin, 1950), but due to the popularity of the nutritious fruit for consumption, the plant is widely cultivated, extend its area of distribution to Sierra-Leone, Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe and Nigeria. It rarely grows wild, thus the natural area of distribution is obscure (verheji,2002). Lam gave four synonyms viz to the Dacryodesedulis :CarnaruimedulieHook.f, CarnaruimsaphuEngl, Pachylobusedulis (G.don) Hook. F. and PachylobussaphuEngl (Burkill ,1985,National research council,1996).

However, these synonyms have long been considered as the most unambiguous synonyms (Boutelje,1980).The common names are in English, African pear, African pear tree, Bush butter, Bush butter tree, Bush fruit tree, Eben tree, Native pear (Kapseu and Tchiegang, 1996) and in French, Safoutier (Burkill, 1985). The oil of fruits of DacryodesEdulis is a rich source of amino acids and triglycerides. The fatty acid composition of fruit pulp oil of two cultivars of bush pear [cultivar1 and cultivar2] grown in Nigeria were determined. The oil is found in the pulp which is made up of 48% of oil and a plantation can produce

7.8 tons of oil per hectare. It is also rich in vitamins and a rich source of amino acids triglycerides (Derbyshire.et al 1976).

Bush pear oil is one of the most important rated versatile vegetable oil. This is due to its uses in various spheres of life, most especially as a very healthy food ingredient.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This project is aimed at the analysis of bush pear and its oil.The main objective of this study is to carry out proximate analysis and physio-chemical properties of African pear oil extracted by solvent methods. This physio-chemical properties determined are specific gravity, refractive index, ph value, boiling point, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, and saponification value. To achieve the objectives of this project, it is important to:-

a) Select the best suited solvent for optimum yield.

b) Characterize the extracted oil for compositions and properties.

c) Test the suitability of the oil.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research work involves the analysis of African pear and its oil though the food crop African pear potential is rated one of the highest oil producing fruit crop yet it begs the question of its potential.

Furthermore, this project will answer the following questions;

i) Solvent extraction by solvent method

ii) What is the optimum yield of the particle size using n- hexane?

iii) Is there significant difference in the characterization of the extracted oil as compared to theoretical value in terms of;

1) Chemical properties (Acid value, iodine value, saponification value and peroxide value).

2) Physical properties (specific gravity, density, viscosity, refractive index).

3) Chemical composition (protein crude, fibre, carbohydrate and moisture.

SIGNIFICANCE/ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

Characterizing the potentials of African pear/African pear oil for many purposes has several implications. Communities in the West African countries are significantly dependent on financial gain from agrarian enterprise.

It is hope that from the project, optimum extraction parameters which are quality of the oil would be established, the result would add to the data bank that could help potential industrialist who intends to go into vegetable table oil production from African pear. A crop that experiences a post harvest loss in excess of 40% in areas where malnutrition is prevalent is a problem for potentials to reclaim the lost percentage of either food or other purposes is advantageous for producers and consumers alike.

Furthermore, the development of crops with indigenous appeal can strengthen the agricultural and energy sectors of struggling economics, identifying the oils fuels quantities, whether favorable or not, will help to inform future crop and industry development.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In this project work, we intend to analyze and extract completely African pear and its oil. Many research work has been done in giving a detailed composition found in African pear. But this research account on the optimum route to:

i) Extraction of vegetable oil from bush pear.

ii) Separation of pure oil from the solvent.

iii) Characterization of the African pear.

iv) Characterization of the oil extracted.

Due to the low yield of the above method (mechanical method) of extraction, soxhlet and cold method of extraction are used i.e. solvent extraction.

.

THE ANALYSIS OF BUSH PEAR AND ITS OIL



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.