IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONAL AND ACCOUNTING PRACTICES ON NIGERIA ECONOMY
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background to the study
1.2 Objective of the study
1.3 Scope of the study
1.4 Research Methodology
1.5 Research question
1.6 Research design
1.7 Plan of the study
1.8 Limitation of the terms
1.9 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature of review
2.1 The Accountancy profession
2.1.2 Public Accountancy
2.3 Formation of professionals
2.4 Roles of Accountant
2.5 Challenges for the professional making sector
2.6 The Nigerian economy scene and anticorruption crusade
2.7 Accountancy profession and economic restricting
2.8 The Professional Accountant and anti-corruption crusade
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Population
3.1 Sources collected
3.2 Method of data collected
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis
4.1 Presentation of data
4.2 Analysis of data
4.3 Historical background of Kayode Olayemi and co-chartered accountant Ilorin.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Summary of finding
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation and
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Accounting is a noble profession. It is discipline profession. You must be disciplined from day one as professional accountant and the discipline starts from up dating one knowledge by going into studies come rain or sunshine. The word probity and accountability are regarded as watch words of accountants.
The history of accounting is not complete without mentioning the name of an Italian Monk and mathematician LUCCA PACIOLO.
As early as 5000 BC in the Babylon empire, clay tablets were used to records facts. These ways of keeping records, crude, were means of gathering and processing facts and preserving information and they served their intended purposes.
In 1494, the system of accounting which had evolved among the merchants of Italy was formulated in a book written by an Italian monk, Luca Paciolo. This method, described as the “Italian method” was a simple one although it was possible that more sophisticated systems than outlined by Paciolo existed in larger firms and manufacturers of the time.
In 1491, in venice, Reverend father, Luca Paciolo described the double entry system by giving insight into the reasoning behind accounting records. The postulated that all the entries must have double entry, one a debtor and the other one a creditor during the period, the records were prepared to show statement for the business rather than the owner.
After Paciolo, a Dutchman advocated the profit and loss account at yearly interval. The level of civilization and technological advancement helped in the development of modern methods of accounting. Since the discovery of double entry principle, there has been tremendous development in accounting theories and methods. The introduction of micro and mini computers have brought enhanced performance but the fundamental principles remain unchanged.
In 1982, the Nigerian Accounting Standards Board (NASB) was formed to set accounting standards that would guide the operations of accounting activities in Nigeria. membership of the NASB include the following:
i. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)
ii. Federal Ministry of Finance (FMF)
iii. Nigerian Accounting Teachers Association (NATA)
iv. Nigerian Association of Chambers of Commerce, Industry Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA)
v. Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE)
vi. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
vii. The Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN)
viii. Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FBIR)
ix. Nigerian Deposit Insurance Corporation (NDIC)
x. Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC) etc
Accounting as a discipline and noble profession that command respect from all other discipline has gained social recognition and also exhibited versatility, boldness and sensitivity to environment in all its ramification with an all-round competence and readiness to handle issues and challenges thrown forth.
The aforementioned listed above are known as professional bodies. Now in Nigeria, there are two recognized bodies namely, Institute of chartered accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) and Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN).
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The accountancy professional over the years have been seen by the public mainly from perspective of the work of an auditor who comes to audit after the year and all they see is just a one page report to shareholder.
Another problem is any mistakes made by an accountants is known to be fraud.
More so, the fate of the young up coming accountants in Nigeria in the face off between the Association of National Accountants of Nigeria (ANAN) and institute of chartered accountants of Nigeria (ICAN) embolic and the possible effects on the profession is another thing that needs to be checked.
Another problem is the conflict of goal with reflect in both private and public sectors of the economy. The private sectors are organization own by individual where arms and objective are the provision of goods and services for profit maximization.
The public sector on the other hand are all organization which are established and run by government on behalf of the public.
In the private sector the impact can be viewed from the point that the role play boy accountant in the preparation of financial statement and that of auditor in the expression of opinion on the account prepared if the auditor qualified his report such account will have bad impression on the management and can cause fall in the stock price. However such qualified audit report may have little or no effect when considering public sector account since the account is based on fund system (i.e. service oriented rather than profit making).
The problems of the study in view of the above therefore are as follows:
i. Difficulties in weighing the impact of the profession in private sector and public sector of the economy with each other.
ii. Problem of knowing the role of such accounting report
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the research is to look into the accountancy profession and its impact on the economy. This project is design to enlighten the public that the work done by the professional accountants is far more than just auditing and book-keeping. The importance of profession body in full professional cannot be over emphasis in an economy.
This write up will therefore analysis the issue of association of national accountants of Nigeria (ANAN) and institute of chartered accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) and make recommendation in an economy.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Looking at the accountancy as a professional constitute the premises of this project work. Professional accountants have crucial role to play in the stream of an economy.
The kind of professional services they render have direct relationship with integrity, honesty, accuracy, transparency, probity and accountability. The above qualities are what are expected in the performance of their professional engagements.
The above mentioned area are the means through which the impact of the professional can be felt and this is what the write up is set to focus on.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study would increase the stock of accountancy profession knowledge of the research. It affords the researches the opportunity to bring the attention of the public what the professional is all about and it’s relevant in an economy. the study would serve as a useful reference materials to students of accountancy and future researchers would find this work valuable.
1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
According to advance learner dictionary “Research” means search or careful investigation or inquiry specially for a new fact in any branch of knowledge.
According to Redman and Mory in their book, they define “Research” as a systemized effort to gain new knowledge. Therefore research is basically science oriented knowledge. Therefore research is basically science oriented.
However, the attribute of scientific approach of conducting research will include:
a. Logical systematic presentation of procedures
b. Ability to control the variable involved in the study
c. Information or data collected must be based on fact extracted or experienced.
Research methodology involves two (2) things which are:
1. Data collection: This is the opinion gathered together for information
2. Secondary data: these are the opinions gathered on net, books etc.
The chapter brings to light the procedures used in the gathering information which are in line with the topic and research and the historical background and the case study.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
Hypothesis is an idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts but the has not yet been proved to be true or correct.
For the purpose of this study, the under listed hypothesis need to be tested.
i. What is accounting?
ii. How it come into an existence?
iii. How it has been a solution to problems?
iv. The concept and convention of an accounting?
v. Powers and responsibilities of an accountant?
vi. Professional bodies and accountancy?
vii. Different between an accountant and some their professions e.g. an auditor
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research of this nature involved operating on stationery transportation and many others. There is problem of insufficient capital in term of money, materials and time, despite this constraints, enough will be put into the write up to justified the time and resources that would be spent.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
ACCURACY: Exactness of an accountant or the act or ability to do something skillfully without making mistakes
ACCOUNTANCY: The work or profession of an accountant.
ACCOUNTABILITY: Expectation or responsibility of giving an explanation.
ANAN: Association of National Accountant of Nigeria
DEVELOPMENT: is a multiple dimension progress change in structure, attitude and acceleration or a state of being advancing to a higher economic state of country.
ECONOMY: is a system for the management and used a resources.
ICAN: Institute of chartered accountants of Nigeria
INTEGRITY: the quality of being honesty and upright in character
PROBITY: the quality of being completely honest
TRANSPARENCY: the quality of something such as an excuses or lie that allow somebody to see the truth.
REFERENCES
Adams R.A (2004): Public sector accounting and finance
made simple.
AWOYEMI, E.O.A.A Guide to Government accounting and
internal audit. Publisher Owibonoje Press, Ibadan.
ROBERT G. FINNEY (1993) Powerful Budgeting for better and
planning and management association.
ESSION E. (1980): Important of Accounting information in
Nigeria Economy. Publisher 1st Edition Port Harcourt Richard.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will be looking into noble profession called “accountancy” the bodies that enhance it fall professional the roles challenges and it relevance in an economy.
2.1.1 THE ACCOUNTANCY PROFESSION
Some of the world just document dated from 5000 B.C even then the need to account for holding of wealth prompted the development of a form of writing offered to as scripts. The temple priests of summer operated a tax system that brought under control vast stock of gains animals an estate. It was necessary for these priests to develop accounting method of:
i. Maintain managerial of collection loan repayment and other transaction
ii. Given an account of their management over those holdings another writer has described in detail some of these accounting records. He notes daily summary where then collected into weekly summaries and so on to early and even multi yearly summarizes (Raymold et al, 1981).
The Egyptian civilization covering a broad span from about 5000 B.C to 5250 BC is described as one in which great construction project were completed investing the labour if thousands of peoples. The operation of large scale transportation of building material out. This operation arose a need for an information system to keep details of transaction both businesses and government affairs.
In Babylonia textile mills in existence about 600 BC production control record were kept and woman work were usually paid base upon the quality of production. In 1949 an Italian man Luca pacioli included a section on book-keeping in one mathematics textbook. This was the first known printed description of double entry book keeping.
By the 1700s accountant were organized as financial adviser in 19th century one seen the emergence of accountant a business adviser as were frequently invited to look into financial problems.
The advanced learner dictionary by Horn by defined accountancy as a profession of an accountant. It also fines accounting statement of money paid or received on goods and services.
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