THE ROLE OF LEGAL ASSESSMENT ON TENDER OF CONTRACTS IN NIGERIA


THE ROLE OF LEGAL ASSESSMENT ON TENDER OF CONTRACTS IN NIGERIA  

Abstract:

All contracts are built upon the basic premise of the meeting of minds, the idea ofassent and agreement as to the same thing.

This research project is thus a search for the role legal assessment has played with respect to contract and tenders for contracts in Nigeria.

Chapter one of the study lays an introduction for subsequent chapters. Following the background of the study, the problem statement and the objective of the study which provided basis for the significance of the study and the hypothesis were stated. The limitations of this study were also highlighted.

In the literature review as contained in chapter two, works of various authors, international and local journals were reviewed to elicit views on the role legal assessment has played with respect to contract and tenders for contracts in Nigeria.

Chapter three, research methodology, description of population and sampling procedure for data collection were discussed. Methods of questionnaire design, determination of sampling size and questionnaire distribution were also highlighted.

Chapter four was based on analysis of data collected. This chapter was sub-divided into data analysis, hypothesis testing and summary. Percentage table, figure and narration were carefully employed for proper understanding and testing of hypothesis.

Finally, chapter five was divided into summary of findings, recommendation and conclusion.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    i

Approval Page    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    ii

Declaration    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    iii

Dedication    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    iv

Acknowledgement    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    v

Abstract    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    vi

Table of Contents    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    vii

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    1

1.2    Statement of General Problem    -    -    -    -    5

1.3    Objective of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    6

1.4    Research Questions    -    -    -    -    -    -    6

1.5    Significance of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    7

1.6    Scope of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    8

1.7    Definition of Terms    -    -    -    -    -    -    8

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1    Contracts    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    10

2.2    Contract Elements    -    -    -    -    -    11

2.3    Types of Contract    -    -    -    -    -    14

2.4    Contract Inception    -    -    -    -    -    16

2.5    Tendering Process in the Public Sector    -    -    16

2.6    Legal Assessment on Tendering Process-    -    17

2.7    Training of Tendering Employees-    -    -    20

2.8    Contract Delivery Methods    -    -    -    -    -    28

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    32

3.2    Research Design    -    -    -    -    -    -    32

3.3    Population of Study    -    -    -    -    -    -    33

3.4    Sample size and Sampling Techniques    -    -    -    33

3.5    Instrument for Data Collection    -    -    -    -    33

3.6    Validity of the Instrument    -    -    -    -    -    33

3.7    Reliability of the Instrument    -    -    -    -    34

3.8    Method of Data Collection    -    -    -    -    -    34

3.9    Method of Data Analysis    -    -    -    -    -    34

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.0    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    36

4.1    Data Presentation and Analysis    -    -    -    -    36

4.2    Characteristics of the Respondents    -    -    -    36

4.3    Data Analysis    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    39

4.4    Testing Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -    46

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1    Summary    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    54

5.2    Conclusion    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    57

5.3    Recommendations    -    -    -    -    -    -    58

    References -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    61

Appendix    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    62

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It is a paradox that Nigeria is a rich country inhabited by the poor. Her poverty profile in statistical figures according to a recent study indicates that Nigeria is poverty endemic. Poverty incidence increased between 1980 and 1985 and between 1992 and 1996. The trend also shows that there has been appreciable decrease in poverty rates between 1985 and 1992 and 1996 and 2004. In 2004, growth in population almost equals growth in poverty since 1980.

Poverty has predominated in the rural area than in the urban area by 63.3% and 43.2% respectively. The trends in poverty levels by zones show that in the northern part of the country, the North-East zone has a higher incidence of poverty followed by North-West and North-Central.

Out of over 160 million population at 3.2% population growth rate, 5.3% unemployment rate, real GDP growth rate of 5.7%, oil sector growth rate of 4.31%, non-oil sector growth rate of 8.93%, inflation rate of 8.50%, about half of the total population (68.7million) live below poverty line (Ladan, 2002).

Corruption in the management of public procurement and finance is a veritable area for corrupt practices. Every state must at various times procure goods and services. This calls for request for contract practices, is that public officials disclose to those with interest in the bid, the position of things, this unfairness leads to a situation in which honest bidders are outmaneuvered by smart allies. The bidding process favors those who lest disposed to perform and the end-product suffers from mediocre handling. Very often, the favored bidders later ask for contract price adjustment upwards. The eventual consequence is that the buildings cost more and are often poorly executed. Transparency and objective criteria should guide government procurements, contract awards and other financial management of public finance.

All information about a tender or contract must be widely disseminate for all those who have an interest to prepare their tenders, consults with their tenders, consults with their financiers, architects, structural engineers and other consultants in order to enable them make informed bids. Time, being of essence, must be adequate. Many prospective bidders have been cut by shortage of the time allowed for preparations and have been stampeded into hasty evaluations leading to their inability to perform the contracts or evaluations leading to their inability to perform the contracts or poor performance or even abandonment of work on site. This is very common in developing states. The terrain is littered with uncompleted projects resulting from the initial rush to bid. This is full disclosure of all material facts in order to facilitate the contracts award process, which would eliminate insider informants, insider trading and other malignant practices.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Corruption in public procurement of goods and services and management of government contracts have marred every efforts put by the federal government in establishing the procurement act 2007. This problem of corruption starts right from the invitation for contractors to summit tenders for government contracts (Eziokwu, 2008).

Legal assessment (through the ministerial tender board units) of contracts which is a mandatory process every contractor biding for a government contract must pass through is not as effective as it ought to be. Despite the legal assessment on contractors and contracts, we still have cases of abandoned projects, elephant projects and poorly delivered projects. All these problems indicate a loophole hole in our legal systems and high rate of nepotism and favoritism in our procurement systems.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this study is to examine the role legal assessment has played with respect to contract and tenders for contracts in Nigeria. Specific objectiveof the study are:

1.    To examine challenges militating against the effective assessment of contracts and tender for contracts in Nigeria.

2.    To identify the role the ministerial tender board unit (MTB) has played in promoting transparent and efficient contract tender system for contracts in Nigeria.

3.    To evaluate the impact of legal assessment on contracts and tenders for contracts in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In-order to achieve the above objectives, the researcher formulated the following research questions:

1.    What are the challenges faced by the ministerial tender board in the assessment of contracts and tenders for contracts in Nigeria?

2.    What specific roles have the ministerial tender board (MTB) played in promoting transparent and efficient tender system in Nigeria?

3.    What impact has legal assessment on contracts and tenders on the outcome of the project?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following null and alternate hypotheses were formulated for the study:

1.    Ho: The Ministerial Tender board (MTB) has not effectively carried out their task due to government interference and favoritism.

Hi: The ministerial Tender Board (MTB) has effectively carried out their task without government interference and favoritism.

2.    Ho: Shortfall in the legal assessment process of contract tenders is responsible for low quality construction projects in Nigeria.

Hi: Shortfall in the legal assessment process of contract tenders is responsible for low quality construction projects in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study will give insights into the various challenges faced by contractors in the tendering/bidding process for government contracts. These heighted challenges will enable the government and other stakeholders to help develop a leveled playground that will enable both small and medium scale contractors to be able to bid for contracts effectively without fear. The study will also go a long way in recommending some policies that will enable the government to implement policies that will make our contract tendering process more transparent and effective.

1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study will cover the role of legal assessment in contract tenders for companies in Nigeria, using the Ministerial Tender Board (MTB) unit of the Federal Ministry of Interior, Abuja as a case study.

1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Some of the people felt reluctant to answer the questionnaire also few who answered did not comprehend how to answer the questionnaire properly. Certain vital questions relating improvement have being massively ignored.

The researcher was not able to see all the teachers, non-academic staff and students to share thoughts on the topic, due to busy schedules of the populations

1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Legal: Allowable or enforceable by being in conformity with the law of the land and the public policy; not condemned as illegal. See also lawful and legitimate.

2. Law: Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition,but one definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. Laws are made by governments, specifically by their legislatures.

3. Finance: This is the study of how people allocate their assets over time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty. A key point in finance, which affects decisions, is the time value of money, which states that a unit of currency today is worth more than the same unit of currency tomorrow. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level, and expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.

4. Tender: A tender is a formal, structured invitation to suppliers to bid to supply products or services. In the public sector, such a process may be required and determined in detail by law to ensure that such competition for the use of public money is open, fair and free from bribery and nepotism.

5. Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, motivating, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavour with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables),undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives, typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations),which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.

5. Contract:  Erikson (2002) defined Contract as an agreement that creates an obligation binding upon the parties thereto. The essentials of a contract are as follows: (1) mutual assent; (2) a legal consideration, which in most instances need not be pecuniary; (3) parties who have legal capacity to make a contract; (4) absence of fraud or duress; and (5) a subject matter that is not illegal or against public policy.

6. Contract Planning: According to Simmons (2007), Contract planning is the process of systematically and efficiently managing contract creation, execution and analysis for maximising operational and financial performance and minimising risk.

7. Cost: Hudson (1999) defined cost as the value of money that has been used up to produce something, and hence is not available for use anymore. In business, the cost may be one of acquisition, in which case the amount of money expended to acquire it is counted as cost. In this case, money is the input that is gone in order to acquire the thing. This acquisition cost may be the sum of the cost of production as incurred by the original producer, and further costs of transaction as incurred by the acquirer over and above the price paid to the producer. Usually, the price also includes a mark-up for profit over the cost of production.

8. General contractor, organization or individual that contracts with another organization or individual (the owner) for the construction of a building, road or other facility.

REFERENCES:

Eziokwu S.A., Good Governance: - Theory and Practice (2008): - The Regent Publishing Co. Ltd, Abuja. Ladan M.T. (2002) Civil Society and Government Relations: - The Ideal. A paper presented at a one-day seminar organized by the Civil Liberties Organization, North-West Zone, held in Kaduna.

.

THE ROLE OF LEGAL ASSESSMENT ON TENDER OF CONTRACTS IN NIGERIA



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.ORG

Researchwap.org is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.org guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.org is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.org" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.