MULTIVARIABLE OPTIMIZATION WITH CONSTRAINTS
ABSTRACT:
It has been proved that in non linear programming, there are five methods of solving multivariable optimization with constraints.
In this project, the usefulness of some of these methods (Kuhn – Tucker conditions and the Lagrange multipliers) as regards quadratic programming is unveiled.
Also, we found out how the other methods are used in solving constrained optimizations and all these are supported with examples to aid better understanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Approval page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents iv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Basic definitions 3
1.2 Layout of work 6
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction 9
2.1 Lagrange Multiplier Method 9
2.2 Kuhn Tucker Conditions 19
2.3 Sufficiency of the Kuhn-Tucker Conditions 24
2.4 Kuhn Tucker Theorems 30
2.5 Definitions – Maximum and minimum of a function 34
2.6 Summary 38
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction 39
3.1 Newton Raphson Method 39
3.2 Penalty Function 53
3.3 Method of Feasible Directions 57
3.4 Summary 67
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction 68
4.1 Definition – Quadratic Programming 69
4.2 General Quadratic Problems 70
4.3 Methods 75
4.4 Ways/Procedures of Obtaining the optimal
The solution from the Kuhn-Tucker Conditions
method 76
4.4.1 The Two-Phase Method 76
4.4.2 The Elimination Method 77
4.5 Summary 117
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion 118
References 120 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
There are two types of optimization problems:
Type 1
Minimize or maximize Z = f(x) (1)
XE Rn
Type 2
Minimize or maximize Z = f(x) (2)
Subject to g(x) ~ bi, i, = 1, 2, -----, m (3)
where x E Rn
and for each i, ~ can be either <, > or =.
Type 1 is called unconstrained optimization problem. It has an objective function without constraints. The methods used in solving such problem are the direct search methods and the gradient method (steepest ascent method).
In this project, we shall be concerned with optimization problems with constraints.
The type 2 is called the constrained optimization problem. It has an objective function and constraints. The constraints can either be equality (=) or inequality constraints (<, >).
Moreover, in optimization problems with inequality constraints, the non-negativity conditions, X >0 are part of the constraints.
Also, at least one of the functions f(x) and g(x) is non linear and all the functions are continuously differentiable.
There are five methods of solving the constrained multivariable optimization. These are:
1. The Lagrange multiplier method.
2. The Kuhn-Tucker conditions
3. Gradient methods
a. Newton-Raphson method
b. Penalty function
4. Method of feasible directions.
The Lagrange multiplier method is used in solving optimization problems with equality constraints, while the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are used in solving optimization problems with inequality constraints, though they play a major role in a type of constrained multivariable optimization called “Quadratic programming”.
The gradient methods include:
The Newton-Raphson method and the penalty function. They are used in solving optimization problems with equality constraints while the method of feasible directions are used in solving problems with inequality constraints.
BASIC DEFINITIONS
1. NEGATIVE DEFINITE:
The quadratic form XT Rx is negative definite if (-1)i+1 Ri<0, i = 1(1)m.
Using (-1)i+1 Ri<0.
When i = 1 à (-12 R1 i = 2 à (-1)3 R2 < 0 à R2 < 0: R2 > 0
i = 3 à (-1)4 R3 < 0 à R3 < 0
R1 < 0, R2 > 0, R3 < 0, R4 > 0, -------
2. NEGATIVE SEMI-DEFINITE
The quadratic form XT Rx is negative semi-definite if (-1)i+1 Ri < 0 and at least one (-1)i+1 Ri ¹ 0
3. POSITIVE DEFINITE
The quadratic form XT Rx is positive definite if Ri > 0, i = 1 (1)m.
Example:
R = r11 r12 r13 - - - - - - - r1m
r21 r22 r23 - - - - - - - r2m
r31 r32 r33 - - - - - - - r3m
rm1 rm2 rm3 - - - - - - - rmm
where
R1 = r11 > 0
R2 =
r11 r12 > 0
r21 r22
4. POSITIVE SEMI DEFINITE
The quadratic form XT Rx is positive semi definite if Ri > 0, i = 1 (1)m and at least one Ri ¹ 0
5. CONVEX
The function f is convex if the matrix R positive definite. Example is f(x).
6. CONCAVE
A function f is said to be concave if its negative is convex. Example is -f (x).
NOTE:
Whether the objective function is convex or concave, it means the matrix is positive definite or negative definite. When the matrix is positive definite or positive semi-definite, it should be minimized, but when it is negative definite or negative semi-definite, then it should be maximized.
LAYOUT OF WORK
There are five chapters in this project.
Chapter two is dedicated to two methods of solving constrained optimization. These methods are the Lagrange multiplier method and the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. This section clearly shows how the Kuhn-Tucker conditions are derived from the Lagrange multiplier method, in an optimization problem with inequality constraints. As part of this chapter, the global maximum, local maximum and the global minimum of an optimization problem was also derived.
Chapter three presents the gradient methods and the method of feasible directions. The gradient methods are the Newton Raphson method and the penalty function.
The gradient methods are used in solving optimization problems with equality constraints while the method of feasible directions is used in solving optimization problems with inequality constraints.
Chapter four is specifically on a type of multivariable optimization with constraints. This is called “Quadratic programming”. This chapter comprises of quadratic forms, general quadratic problems and it shows the importance of two methods called the Lagrange multiplier method and the Kuhn-Tucker conditions. This section explains how we can arrive at an optimal solution through two different methods after the Kuhn-Tucker conditions have been formed. These are the two-phase method and the elimination method.
Chapter 5 is the concluding part of this project.
Each chapter starts with an introduction that facilitates the understanding of the section and also contains useful examples.
In conclusion, this research will make us understand the different methods of solving constrained optimization and how some of these methods are applied in quadratic programming.
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